Autism Spectrum Disorder And Developmental Psychology Essay

Autism Spectrum Disorder and Developmental Psychology Developmental psychology is a scientific approach that focuses on the ways in which individuals change and evolve across their lifespan, beginning with birth and ending in death. This specific study of the mind and behavior tends to concentrate on the time period from birth to adolescence because this is when the majority of development occurs. This branch of psychology revolves around various types of changes, including behavioral, cultural, social, psychological, biological, and genetic factors, all of which greatly impact the way a child will develop into an adult. Autism spectrum disorder is considered to be the most severe developmental disorder due to its ubiquitous and difficult nature. (â€Å"APA.org | Autism,† 2016) This disorder involves a delay or deficiency in those developmental areas, especially in regards to physical, emotional, and social weaknesses. ASD affects approximately 1 in 68 children according to t he CDC, and this disorder is becoming more prevalent as time goes on, despite the immense amount of research being done in this area. While it seems to affect more and more children each year, ASD has shown to be 4.5 times more common in boys than in girls, which is another concern regarding the varied development between boys and girls. (â€Å"CDC | Data and Statistics† 2016) I find this disorder to be extremely interesting because of how little is actually known about it, as well as how much the symptoms canShow MoreRelatedPrevalence Of Depression And Autism Spectrum Disorder1334 Words   |  6 PagesFunctioning Autism Spectrum Disorder Kelvin Davis PSY 1022 Monday, October 14, 2013 Wednesday 8:00 am Word Countâ€Æ' Abstract Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) are quite vulnerable to anxiety and depression, especially in late adolescence and early adult life (Tantum Prestwood, 1999). In accordance with a study sampling children between 7 and 13 years of age (Vickerstaff, Heriot, Wong, Lopes Dossetor, 2006), it is hypothesized that adolescents on the autism spectrum withRead More Autism Spectrum Disorder and Interventions1042 Words   |  5 Pages Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition that develops during a child’s first few years of life (Lesack, Bearss, Celano, Sharp, 2014). This disorder occurs significantly more often in boys than girls (Goldstein, Naglieri, Rzepa, Williams, 2012). Autism is part of a group that is known as pervasive developmental disorders (PDD), which also includes Asperger’s disorder, Rett disorder, childhood disintegrative disorder and pervasive development disorder not otherwiseRead MoreAutism : A Long Term Mental Disorder1034 Words   |  5 PagesAutism was discovered 60 years ago it has been puzzling, fascinating and massively researched. In 2001 the University of Birmingham in collaboration with the West Midlands Autistic Society and the Autism Services Accreditation Programme initiated the journal Good Autism Practice. Along with many publications by parent organizations. While it was at first thought that autism might be an early form of childhood schizophrenia, by 1979 this idea was left and deserted. Schizophrenia is a long term mentalRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder : Dsm 5 Changes And Controversies1694 Words   |  7 PagesAutism Spectrum Disorder: DSM-5 Changes and Controversies There are constant changes being made in the DSM and with more research more information is available on the disorders. The recent revisions and changes to the DSM 5 have raised many controversies. The Autism Spectrum Disorder is an illness that affects brain development and is characterized by multiple domains. In the DSM IV the diagnostic criteria for autism and the subtypes worked well at making each disorder distinct and providing theRead MorePervasive Development or Autistic Spectrum Disorders Essay1056 Words   |  5 PagesDefinition of Pervasive Development Disorder: Any of a group of disorders of infancy, childhood, or adolescence that are characterized by distortions in the development of the basic psychological functions such as language, social skills, attention, perception, reality testing, and movement. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/pervasivedevelopmentaldisorder Pervasive developmental disorder was first used in the 1980’s to describe this class of neurological disorders that can impair social and communicationRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder And Autism Essay1474 Words   |  6 Pages Abnormal psychology is arguably, one of the most interesting subgroups in the world of psychology. There is an abundant amount of research done on abnormal diseases to understand the causes, functions, and effects or the diseases. One of the most widely known abnormal disorders is Autism Spectrum Disorder. Autism is a complicated disorder because it represents a wide range of developmental disorders categorized by criteria such as: impaired social interactions, verbal and nonverbal communicationRead MoreAutism Case Study1717 Words   |  7 PagesWasserman, S., Swanson, E., Settipani, C. (2012, March). A double-blind placebo-controlled trial of fluoxetine for repetitive behaviors and global severity in adult autism spectrum disorders. Am J Psychiatry, 169(3), 292-299. This study examined the overall effects of fluoxetine on repetitive behaviors and global severity in adults with autism. There were a total of thirty-seven participants in this study (18- to 60-years old), all of which exhibited repetitive behaviors, who were randomly separated intoRead MoreLanguage Delays And Autism Spectrum Disorder1632 Words   |  7 Pages Language Delays in Autism Spectrum Disorder Bethany Perez Colorado State University Autism spectrum disorder is caused by abnormalities in the brain. Many children that qualify under the autism spectrum disorder, often experience developmental delays in three areas of development. Socially/emotionally, as well as cognitively, children with ASD are unable to progress at a normal rate of development compared to their peers. The level of communication due to language delays can be severelyRead MoreThe Effects Of Mild Autism On Children1484 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Mild autism can give you a genius like Einstein. If you have severe autism, you could remain nonverbal. You don t want people to be on the severe end of the spectrum. But if you got rid of all the autism genetics, you wouldn t have science or art. All you would have is a bunch of social yak yaks’, Temple Grandin. (Grandin, 2013) Born on August 29, 1947, Temple Grandin was diagnosed with autism as a young child. As Temple grew, she began pursuing work in psychology as well as animal scienceRea d MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder1493 Words   |  6 PagesAutistic spectrum disorder is caused not only by environmental factors but also by genetic inheritability. This disorder can range from mild to severe and is shown in many different forms. Symptoms include speech impairment, disorganized language; sensory processing disorder which causes absent responses, sleep disorders, depression and anxiety, obsessive compulsive disorder and many more. Diagnosing autism does not include medical test but instead a team of physiologists and physicians observe the

Taking a Look at Huntingtons Disease - 1745 Words

Introduction Huntington’s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that is inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion. The cytoplasmic protein affected in Huntington’s disease is Huntingtin, coded for by the Huntingtin gene. The mutated version of the Huntingtin protein has several degenerative consequences on the molecular level. These are mainly caused by the elongated chain of glutamines that abberantly interacts with proteins and diminishes their biological functions. The mutated protein also tends to misfold and form aggregates in neurons, diminishing normal neural functions and producing the phenotypic traits characterized by Huntington’s disease. Discovery cause of the mutated gene The symptomotology of Huntington’s have been recognized for several hundreds of years, but the etiology was ambiguous until recently when it was discovered that an expansion in the polyglutamine tract led to misfolding (citation). Although a lot of progress has been made, the way in which the mutant Huntingtin protein damages cells is still not fully understood. The events that preceede the discovery were crucial and are a perfect example of the use of pedigrees and linkage analysis to identify the locus of the causal gene of a disease. The first step in identifying the Huntingtin gene was to use pedigrees of affected families to establish that Huntington’s disease as an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern [79]. Over 100 scientists were involved in the following 10 year Huntington’sShow MoreRelatedHuntington s Disease, Symptoms, Etiology, Diagnosis, And Diagnosis1560 Words   |  7 PagesHuntington’s disease affect s 30,000 Americans and has 200,000 more Americans at risk to contract the disease. Huntington’s is now one of the most common brain disorders to be inherited. This paper will discuss and educate about the disease, pathology, signs and symptoms, etiology, prevalence, diagnostic studies, treatments, and the prognosis of Huntington’s disease. Huntington’s disease (or Huntington’s chorea) is a hereditary degenerative disease that affects the cerebral cortex and basal gangliaRead MoreGene Presents Moral And Ethical Dilemmas Essay1659 Words   |  7 PagesHuntington s chorea, commonly referred to as Huntington’s disease is an utterly devastating diagnosis for not only the patient affected directly with the disease but also for their biological children. Huntington’s disease is an inherited genetic disorder which causes the death of brain cells resulting in physical and mental abnormalities that worsen over time until certain death. As if that were not bad enough, the off spring of Huntington’s disease affected patients have a 50% chance of inheritingRead MoreHuntington s Disease : A Genetic Disorder1121 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract: Huntington’s Disease- Huntington s disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative genetic disorder. It affects the muscle coordination and decline in cognitive t hat leads to dementia. It affects both males and females in their middle age (J.D, 2015). Huntington’s disease is most common in genetic causes the leads to abnormal involuntary movement also called Huntington’s chorea (J.D, 2015). Epidemiology: Huntington s disease is a rare neuropsychiatric disorder it occurs in aRead MoreChildhood Testing For Late Onset Genetic Diseases1634 Words   |  7 Pages One of the most captivating chapters throughout her book, Genetic Dilemmas, is her argument against childhood testing for late-onset genetic diseases. She also discussed how parental knowledge of the results violates the child’s right to an open future and can strain the relationship between parent and child. Yet, Dena Davis has been criticized for these claims in many publications, including a popular article by Mary Ann Sevick. In this paper, I will argue that children should not be forced toRead MoreThe Economics Of Human Gene Editing. Human Gene Editing1273 Words   |  6 Pagesor add to sections of the DNA sequence of living organisms (â€Å"What Is CRISPR-Cas9?†). This astonishing technology has nearly endless applications, including the potential to eradicate genetic diseases in humans that c urrently have no cure. This could have vast implications for people who suffer with disease and the economy of the region in which they live, but the technology has yet to be commercialized. The economics behind CRISPR-Cas9 are a major component in the method’s potential commercializationRead MoreSt. Judes Project Paper1483 Words   |  6 PagesGriffin Foundation. St. Jude’s Project would provide comprehensive social work to patients diagnosed with neurodegenerative disorders, with a primary focus on Huntington’s Disease. Huntington Disease is a terminal hereditary disease that is a debilitating illness that has often been called â€Å"quintessential family disease†(HUNTINGTONS DISEASE SOCIETY OF AMERICA, 2017). Other illnesses served through the program are Parkinson’s, Multiple Sclerosis, and ALS, all mentioned are considered progressive andRead MoreDna And Therapy Of Abnormal Psychology1291 Words   |  6 Pageshave a very high probability to pinpoint where the deficit is. Functional examinations consist of many types of testing to specify where a particular biochemical or neuroanatomical deficit may be. Yes, we can do MRI, CAT scan, brain wave studies and look for hard lesions to give us an understanding of a person’s neuroantatomy, but what if it is a soft lesion that does not show up on a black and white image? A skilled biological therapist will use his advanced knowledge of neuroanatomy to differentiallyRead MoreOptogenetic Activation and/or Inhibition of Neurons1688 Words   |  7 Pagesstrict protocol. Luckily this complicated process as a whole can be broken down into several subdivisions. Although the technique has been refined (and will continue to be refined) greatly over the past 5 years the basic steps are the same. Before taking a look at the steps, knowledge of the two main types of proteins (ion channels) that are used in optogenetic experiments is key. They are: ï ¿ ¼ ï ¿ ¼ ï‚ · Channelrhodopsin2 (ChR2) ï ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼ ï ¿ ¼ ï‚ · Halorhodopsin (NphR) ï ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼ Both are types of opsin proteins found in green algaeRead MoreWhat Is Meant By Designer Babies?1542 Words   |  7 PagesDuring embryo screening, a scientist would be able to tell what physical characteristics a child will grow to have; as well as whether or not this child is at risk of developing or will develop genetic disorders such as autism, down syndrome, Huntington’s disease, Alzheimer’s and many other disorders such as these. What genetically modifying the baby’s genes will do is eliminate those disorders when it is only an embryo so that the baby doe not develop any of these traits. Designer babies are generallyRead MoreEssay on Analytical Summaries4643 Words   |  19 Pagesthis is my textbook which you will need: In text citing is: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦and this is how it looks (Missimer, 2005). References Missimer, C. (2005). Good arguments: An introduction to critical thinking, 4th ed. (C. Jones- Owen, Ed.) Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. READINGS The following two articles show breathtaking advances in the ability to detect whether a person will suffer from a particular genetic disease. The first article contains references to all three types of evidence discussed in

Narrative Report Free Essays

I. Table of Contents II. Brief History/Background of the Company/Company Profile The catalyst to the geothermal development of the Philippines was the oil crisis that hit the country in the early 1970’s, exposing the country’s vulnerability to imported fossil fuel. We will write a custom essay sample on Narrative Report or any similar topic only for you Order Now Geothermal development efforts were initially started by the National Power Corporation which ushered in the development of the Tiwi and Makban geothermal fields in the Luzon Island through the Philippine Geothermal Incorporated (now Chevron) which resulted in the establishment of aggregate 660 MW plants (1979-1984). Recognizing the massive task ahead, the PNOC-EDC was created which immediately embarked in the exploration and development of the other geothermal areas in the country. This resulted in the commissioning of the 112. 5 MW Palinpinon I geothermal plant (1983), the 112. 5 MW Tongonan geothermal plant (1983), the 150 MW Bacon Manito geothermal plants (1994), and the Palinpinon II geothermal power plants (1992), all with the National Power Corporation as the power plant operator. With the advent of the BOT Law in 1992, the 588. 4 MW Unified Leyte Plants (1996-1997) and the 106. MW Mindanao geothermal power plants (1997-1999) were installed. In February 2007, EDC commissioned its first merchant plant, the 49. 4 MW Northern Negros geothermal power plant (2007). Chevron also optimized their geothermal resource (added Catigtig 2 30th Anniversary Workshop 95. 7 MW) increasing the country’s geothermal power capacity to 1954. 1 MW, making the Philippines the second largest geothermal powe r producer in the world. Looking forward, EDC as a private corporation is putting on stream growth projects with a capacity of up to 300 MW which is expected to be on line starting 2010. Energy Development Corporation is a pioneer in the geothermal energy industry with more than three decades of proven business viability. It has helped discover new ways of developing and commercializing renewable energy right at the heart of the resource – wherever the location and whatever the condition. From exploration and production of water-based steam power to generation of electricity for commercial use, we build some of the world’s pioneering and most complex steam fields banking on our highly skilled manpower and homegrown technology that are fast becoming benchmarks in the industry. EDC has more than 1,400 megawatts under its green power portfolio diversified by the acquisition of a hydropower project and wind power projects in the pipeline. We add value at every stage of the operation – from geoscientific assessment to environmental compliance and from power plant operation to social acceptability. Our advocacy is to help meet the growing demand for energy delivered by low carbon power options. As a matter of fact, our geothermal projects are now qualified in the clean development mechanism purchased in Europe for its low CO2 emissions. EDC aims to strengthen its position as the market leader by developing new Greenfield and power generation projects. Energy Development Corporation produces geothermal energy. The Company produces steam for delivery to electricity generating plants. III. Summary of the OJT Experience Finally my 280 hours of OJT is finally done. For a month and a half I learned a lot of things. I had my OJT at Energy Development Corporation, at first it’s hard for me to wake up too early and ride all alone to office and specially riding a bus but as time goes by my body is now used to my daily routine. On our first day we had our orientation with our supervisor named Mr. Nikkos Rhet V. Astorga where we talked about the history of the company, the people behind its success, the policies, benefits, codes of conducts, etc. He introduced us to the whole group of Human Resource Department. I met all the HR officers namely ma’am Gay Charmaine (Gigi), ma’am Rebecca (Becky), ma’am (Diday) who is now working in Australia, sir Cesar (Koket) who is now resigning and the supervisor in our department sir Nikkos Rhet (Nikkos). Furthermore, I’m very grateful that they expose me so much on what I must know regarding the work which suits my course. I’m very thankful that they treat me nicely and they trust me with my work. I appreciate so much the working environment I had within the company because it helps me absorb what I need to know. I learn on how to socialize and mingle with the whole HRD people. I’m very much gratified for the support and understanding of my superiors especially on times when I committed mistakes. More than any learning thought in school, I learned to be with others, to work with people. I learn also to listen to my senior, even though at times I can’t understand his instructions. I also learn to accept criticism and be apologetic for my mistakes. He particularly imparts in me what I must know in making use of corporate resources and corporate values. For the next days I am exposed to the common tasks of an HR; filing, encoding, photocopy, printing, test administration, checking and so on. Sir Nikkos (HR supervisor) also asked me to make designs of the tarpaulin for their upcoming events. Every time I finished designing from time to time, I always his suggestions and corrections in order to more organized. Sometimes, some of them asked me to make photocopies to their needed files and others chose to make forms for the employees. Even though there were times that our department was busy, I am still enjoy and determine to learn more on how they handle their tasks responsibly and carefully. As time passes by I am now confident in talking with them especially if there are some employees ask my help. I have to practice in order to develop my skills to approach people easily. As our supervisor told me that I should have a long patient in talking to the employees because not all the situations I can easily approach them. The everyday experiences I had in this company are really most treasured. The knowledge I obtain here are beyond compare than any other experiences I acquired from school and supplementary learning from books. What I had here will always be with me and rest assured I will apply what I’ve in every circumstance that I encountered. IV. Assessment of the OJT/Practicum Program A. New knowledge, attitudes, and skills acquired B. Theories actually sees in practice C. Feedback that can be given to the company or institution D. Benefits gained E. Problems encountered V. Appendices A. Company brochure and/or pamphlet/pictures on actual OJT work B. Copy of the Endorsement Letter C. Copy of the Training Plan D. Copy of the signed Waiver Form E. Daily Time Record F. Quarterly Performance Appraisal Forms G. Certificate of Completion How to cite Narrative Report, Essays

The Swimmer free essay sample

Something might change everything in blink of an eye and that change can be huge. You might lose your respect or lose everything you had during that change, not even realizing that. In â€Å"The Swimmer† by John Cheever, shows that how the main character loses everything he had when he drinks too much. According to author, main character Neddy Merrill feels like an explorer and decides to get home by swimming all the pools in his neighborhood. He was famous and knew everyone in the town. This is why he was so confident that he would be welcomed whenever he went. Even though he was in a mid aged, he was very energetic. While he explores, he encounter many different problems and denies them all. He doesn’t even seem to know his own problems when people which were used to be his friends, felt sorry about him. He had no idea what was going on and the people whom he ignored, started to ignore him. He realizes how he distanced himself from his friends and close ones. As a result he misunderstands when people tell him about his friends and he thinks he loses his mind. It seems that the time pasted so slow but actually it pasted so fast that Neddy himself couldn’t notice it. He thought that life was only about happiness. This is why, everything he had have disappeared and he became lonely. One of the themes in the â€Å"The Swimmer† by John Cheever focuses on how Neddy denied the situations and problems when he encountered. There were so many signs showed Neddy that there were some problems in his life but he kind of rejected it. For example, when he went to swim in Halloran’s pool, they told him that they were sorry about things that he lost, things he sold and some things about his children. However, instead of questioning them about his family and his house, his main focus was on swimming and continuing on his journey. It wasn’t only them who was sorry about his family but others whom he saw on his way too. Even there were some people despised him and threw things at him but he just kept going instead of questioning them. When he visited Welcher’s empty pool, he realized that the doors and windows were closed, and there was â€Å"for sale† sign nailed in front of the house. It seemed that was a week ago he saw Welchers, but they already gone away. But it wasn’t a week ago, it was long time ago that he couldn’t remember. He denied the time and he spent his time only on drinking. As a consequence, he couldn’t really remember about everything. Then he decides to swim on public pool where he was bumped into, splashed, jostled and got shouting by lifeguards. After swimming a few pools, he whom considered himself as a young and vigorous man, started to lose his strength and became tired. He denied his age, he thought he had a power of a young man to swim all the pools to get home. He felt cold at that time, he saw and felt the falling leaves and burning woods, that meant his life was changing. Later, he decided to stop by Biswangers’. Neddy and his wife used to ignore all the invitation Biswangers sent and they were people whom weren’t Neddy’s type. Still Neddy wanted to come in, have a drink and swim. He realized how people were treating him and after encountering a few more problems with the people he knew, he cried for the first time in his life. Because, it was the first time he felt isolated, tired, cold which couldn’t be avoidable in his life. He denied his own life and this deniable brought unexpected situations in Neddy’s life. The other theme of the passage was how the alcohol changed Neddy’s life and how it made him isolated from others. The author explains that alcohol was one of the reason he became lonely. First the passage itself explains how people complained about drinking too much without thinking the consequences and Neddy, main character was one of them. The alcohol was main thing that he cared most, because he thought that would make him happy and happiness was only thing he wanted to have in his life. The passage doesn’t really state about gambling and obsession for alcohol but as I read the passage I could understand the main character had some obsessions about the alcohol. For example, when he was cold, he wanted to drink a whiskey. Then he decides to have a drink in friend’s house. However as he finds out that his friend had operation three years ago and there was nothing to drink since then, his friend’s wife tells him to go to the Biswangers’house. It was a place where Neddy didn’t want to go but had no choice, because he was obsessed with alcohol and really wanted to drink. Moreover, as I kept reading a passage I also realized that Neddy used to gamble too. Because when he left Biswanger’s house, he decides to go to Shirley Adam’s house. She was a women in whom he thought he could trust and might help him for a drink. However, as he approached to her, she thought that Neddy was there for money. That made me think that he didn’t only go there for sexual affairs but Neddy used to go to Adams’ house for money too. Adams knew many things about him and she really wanted to give him a drink but she couldn’t. At the end it shows how Neddy loses his house, friends and even family because of alcohol and gambling. According to passage, many people were rude against him and alcoholism might be one of the reason for that. When he tried to cross the street, people in the car yelled at him and they didn’t let him to cross the street. Because everyone knew he chose alcoholism over everything and his family had left him. Even the alcohol effected to his brain that he couldn’t remember some situations and left him lonely in his life. Overall, people like Neddy exist in our life and its rare to stop them from what they are doing. Because most of them deny or obsess with something and its hard to teach them unless the life teaches them itself like it did to Neddy. It is true that our mistakes are our teachers, but sometimes we can not make such a big mistakes in life like Neddy did, because passage of our life is inevitable. It can be fixable but it also can be late for our problems to be solved.

The Manufacturing Industry in Qatar

What You Need to Know About Being a Dental Hygienist

What You Need to Know About Being a Dental Hygienist There’s more to a bright, healthy smile than flossing- a great dental hygienist has a hand in that too. Hygienists are licensed dental health professionals who work in dentists’ offices, providing patient care and administrative support. They often perform clinical procedures like cleanings, and work with patients to maintain good oral health long after the appointment. The Day-to-DayDental hygienists can be found in a variety of settings, from private dental clinics to public health agencies to specialized healthcare settings like nursing homes and prisons. This is typically a 9-to-5-style job, but may require flexible hours depending on the setting. Many hygienists work full-time, while others choose part-time.Wherever they work, dental hygienists usually treat patients directly, under the supervision of dentists or nurses. They perform tasks like examining patients, reviewing patient histories, removing plaque and stains from teeth, processing x-rays, running diagnos tic tests for the dentist to analyze, educating patients on dental care and follow-up, and offering pre- or post-surgery care.For more on what it’s like to be a dental hygienist, check out this video: The SKiNNY on Dental HygienistsThe RequirementsDental hygienists need to graduate from an accredited dental hygiene program, with an associate’s degree or higher (approximately three years of study). In addition, all states require that practicing dental hygienists pass an exam and become licensed, though the specific requirements vary by state.Read more about licensing and state requirements at the American Dental Hygienist Association.The SkillsThe dental hygiene field calls for a number of special skills and knowledge bases, including:Attention to detailInterpersonal skillsCommunication skillsPatient care techniquesEquipment knowledge and everyday useDiagnostic/analytical skillsClinical knowledgeMany of these can be developed through hygienist education and training pr ograms.The PayThis is a pretty lucrative Allied Health field. Per the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), the median salary for dental hygienists is $71,520, or $34.38 per hour.The OutlookLicensed dental hygienists will continue to be in hot demand, especially as public and community health initiatives grow. The BLS expects that the field will grow by at least 19% by 2024, much faster than average.If you’re interested in helping patients achieve and maintain that beautiful smile, the dental hygienist career path could be the one for you!Interested? APPLY HERE

Analysis Tools Unit 5 IP Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Analysis Tools Unit 5 IP - Research Paper Example George Scott founded the non-profit in 1987 and it became the area’s largest provider of student housing; second only to the college dormitories (Dominick, 2012).Scott and his wife obtained a $13 million lease purchase on a building in New York and opened its doors to college students. In 2002, Scott formed a second company, Student Services Inc. which expanded support services to students to include cable, phone and Internet services. Student Services became an outlet to transfer funds from Educational Services through excessive invoices. The non-profit’s board of directors was responsible for reviewing the financials for Educational Housing Services; however, somewhere along the way the checks and balances ceased to happen. Annual Revenue & Expenses Financial information on GuideStar is either digitized from Form 990 images we receive from the IRS or submitted by the nonprofits themselves through the GuideStar Exchange (990 filers cannot override Form 990 financial data). If your organization does not file a Form 990, 990-EZ, or 990-PF and you would like to have your financial data displayed in this section, join the GuideStar Exchange today! Million in a restitution settlement. â€Å"Siphoning millions of dollars at the expense of college students is deplorable,† Attorney General Eric T. Schneiderman said in a statement. â€Å"We have no tolerance for officers and directors who treat a nonprofit organization as a vehicle for personal enrichment† (Dolnick, 2012). The Board of Directors was also cited for excessive salaries and negligent accounting methods. Educational Housing Services is now a private company with 24 years in the business. Scott could have kept a separate private corporation for his personal ambitions. Since the original venture became such a helpful success to himself and to so many others, it would have been wise to keep the books the way they were. There was nothing to prevent him from pursuing

Bearing Capacity of Soils Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Bearing Capacity of Soils - Lab Report Example If this is not properly done, then the structures are likely to collapse, resulting in massive catastrophes. Sound engineering principles should be employed in the design of such structures in order to avoid potential loses in human life and property (William Powrie 53).   There are two major types of foundations; shallow and deep. While shallow foundations are located just below the structures they support, deep foundations extend deep into the earth’s crust. Shallow foundations are thus also called footings or mats, whereas deep foundations can also be called piles, or drilled shafts (Braja M. Das 123). The type of foundation used depends on two factors; the size of the structure to be built, and the category of soil on which the structure is to be built. Big structures require bigger foundations than smaller structures. On the other hand, organic soils also require bigger foundations compared to cohesive soils.Problem Description1.  Calculate the required size for a bui lding column footing under a given load.2.  Determine the effect of varying water contents on the compressive strength of the soil.Procedure  The lab was conducted following the following procedure:1.  A test specimen with known percentage of water was selected. The group used soil with 15% water content. This specimen was created by mixing 22.5 grams of water with 127.5 grams of dry clay.2.  The next step involved filling the mold with the soil-water mixture in three equal layers using the tamping device. The top of the first and second layers.

Ancient egyptian music Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ancient egyptian music - Research Paper Example Music in ancient Egypt was known for thousands of years and evidence for its existence has been found in the pre-dynastic period. It is mainly because of the massive influence of this art that if came to be found in many aspects of Egyptian life ranging from the palaces of the royal family and nobility, to the workshops of artisans and all the way to the tombs of the wealthy. It is a fact that music was a basic part of the religious services of this ancient state and it was associated with a number of gods to whom it was dedicated. Music was used by the priests to set the mood for the people to worship the gods and the fact that these gods were worshiped using music meant that the temple musicians held an esteemed place in the society. The ability of the priests to make use of music in religious ceremonies ensured that the music of worship was completely improved by the temple musicians so that it was not only used for religious purposes, but temple music also developed into an art f orm. Such gods as Hathor and Bes tended to be associated with music and this was despite the fact that they were also associated with childbirth, fertility, and dance and this made them extremely important to musicians. All of the major known classifications of musical instruments were well represented in ancient Egypt and these were used in diverse occasions, depending on the event as well as the people who used them. Among the percussion instruments that were used by the ancient Egyptians included hand-held drums, rattles, castanets, bells, and the sistrum (Lawergren 101). The last was a very significant rattle that was used in religious worship and it is because of this that in most cases, the sistrum was found in the possession of temple musicians (Krogh and Brooke 167). It is for this reason that the sistrum was mostly represented as being in the possession of temple musicians in the illustrations that

Sports Psychology: History, Theories and Applications

Sports Psychology: History, Theories and Applications Emergence from Traditional Psychology Practice Practice of applied psychology emerged with the sport psychology experiences becoming more prominent every other day. This prominence highlighted the necessity for the development of athlete hostility (Friesen Orlick 2011). According to the definition of American Psychological Association (APA), scientific study of the psychological factors that are linked with the performance and participation in sport, exercise and other types of physical activities is known as sport psychology. Coleman Griffith is considered to be the founder for applying psychological principles in a systematic way to improve sport performance. He did this when he was first employed in Chicago Cubs in 1938 (APA n.d). He focused on the psychomotor skills and motor learning that enabled a link between physical performance and personality variables. However, Griffith’s ideas were not fully supported and accepted by the experts in the field of psychology (APA n.d). From the beginning of 1950s and till 1980s, sport psychology acquired an individual identity, free from exercise psychology, motor control and motor learning. At this time, sport psychology was linked with the performance, especially physical performance. With the publishing of one of the first books on sport psychology by Ogilvie and Tutko, psychologists began taking interest in the world of sports, by focusing their psychological theories on different sports personalities (APA n.d). Traditional psychological practice emerged with the study of individual personalities of human beings. Moreover, when factors, such as, aggression, sentiments, anger, motivation, confidence, grief and joy were studied, psychologists realize their role in individual personality and performances. Likewise, sport psychology is one of the types of individual performances. Theories and Theoretical Models causing separate Specialism The theory for coaching provides a set of guiding principles for coaching practice that identifies major principles and beliefs, which can help coaches achieve their aims and objectives. One of the theoretical models for sports psychology is â€Å"non-linear pedagogy†. Non-linear pedagogy is the application of concepts and tools or non-linear dynamics. This theory is based on the claim that learner is like a human movement system, which is characteristically non-linear. This theory explains ideas, such as, self-organization, stabilities and instabilities, etc. this theory let the functional movement patterns, such as, and decision-making behaviors in sport activities emerge (Renshaw, Davids, Shuttleworth Chow 2009). One of the other sport psychology theories is the â€Å"Dynamical Systems Theory†, which says that after the process of self-organization shaped by the interaction of individual constraints, task and environment, sport behavior emerges. Stable movement patterns can only be developed if all these constraints are kept constant. Likewise, any kind of changes in all these constraints can cause instabilities in learners and re-organization of the system, along with new patterns of behavior. In the light of this theory, instabilities are generally perceived as an integral part of learning process. This theory can be understood through the example of children coaching, where size of a child’s hand and grip strength is the factor determining quality of ball pass rather than technique (Renshaw, Davids, Shuttleworth Chow 2009). Figure 1: Neurobiological Model. Source: Sturmey 2007. Neurobiological Model of psychology interprets that how neurological science can contribute towards better coaching and athlete performances. This model represents the fear circuit, which is present in every athlete’s body. Amygdale, medial and orbital regions play an important role in the management of anxiety. On the other hand, cortex controls emotional regulation that may cause hyperactivity and lack of motor response. All the factors, such as, anxiety, fear, stress, etc can be calculated, in terms of their effect on sports players through Neurobiological Model. All these factors cause unintended alterations in the motor behavior of an athlete, causing poor performance (Sturmey 2007). Current Practices Currently, psychologists focus more on personality psychology rather than performance psychology in connection to various sports personalities. However, efforts are still being made to fill this loop hole. Counseling psychology focuses on doing psychological counseling of a person who has been sportsman earlier. This kind of counseling is being done keeping in mind the organizational, environmental and system issues of sportspersons. All these categories include issues, such as, coaching, team dynamics, etc. psychologist go through additional trainings, which enable them to work effectively with teams, coaches and organizations. On the other hand, performance psychology is also one of the most important fields of current sport psychology (APA n.d). Performance psychology says that people should be able to find happiness and meaning in life, then only they will be able to perform well in their fields. However, according to other variables in psychology, finding meaning and happiness in life does not always guarantee that a person shall be able to perform excellent in all the fields. But it does approve of some kind of success in life. Psychologists are trying to work on this principle by assisting sportsmen in their physical and mental problems. Their issues and problems are catered in such a way that a person does not lose hope in their continuing profession of sports or any other physical activity (APA n.d). Performance psychologists make use of the consultation model of intervention, along with the individual interventions, to develop certain issues in their patients (APA n.d). In addition, currently, kinesiology is also very popular in giving the consultation and psychology of performance knowledge. However, there is nothing very extraordinary about this practice. Instead of giving this psychological knowledge in kinesiology departments, it should rather be given in sport psychology departments (APA n.d). Aims and Objectives Field of sport psychology aims to bring competence in the psychological performances that include interventions and theories of optimal performance, coaching and leadership, motivation, team dynamics, emotions, human growth and development. Moreover, it also aims to provide mental health counseling by developing and maintaining a working alliance, clinical interviews, facilitating behavioral changes, motivating interviews, multilevel and systematic diagnosis interventions and group facilitations. Through all these aims and objectives, field of psychology shall be able to focus in building the competence in performance specialty domain. This domain includes performing arts, business, high-risk occupations and sports (Prodaniuk, Plotnikoff, Spence Wilson 2004). Moreover, there is also an evident need for the supervised practicum experiences (APA n.d). Experience makes a person a very good teacher, but the field of psychology cannot solely rely on experienced practitioners. Only experience cannot develop competence in individuals. Practitioners also vary in terms of their self-awareness. Confidence may not always guarantee accuracy of skills employed by all the practitioners. Sport psychology aims to produce practitioners, which are not just competent in confidence and experience but also in their skills and contemporary knowledge related to psychology. In addition, performance sport psychologists need to have grip over advanced knowledge of ethics (Gaag 2012). This makes them become aware of the nature of context in which they are working (APA n.d). Sport psychology professionals should be aimed to take multiple roles, challenges to confidentiality, boundary crossings and informed consent to allure to the environment of their field performance. Professionals of this field should also realize that the single therapy with individuals is not sport psychology. Sport psychology should aim at giving services to almost every other sport organization in the country, along with the excellent therapeutic services. Teaching should be one of the major steps in making sportsmen realize the importance of stable psychological condition. Sport psychology believes that there should be effective communication between coaches and team psychologists (APA n.d). Demonstration of Applications, Approaches and Techniques in Various Contexts Performance psychology applications are connected with the field of counseling and clinical psychology. Some of the major areas of focus for this study are using clinical interviewing skills, working alliance and understanding the behavioral change process. Performance psychology gives challenges and opportunities that provide the basis for the training of sports psychologists for future. These trainings include various contexts, interventions and issues that may become a part of professional practice in future. Performance psychologists approach sportsmen by focusing on their basic mental skills. These skills gives them the knowledge of probable mental and physical challenges a person is currently having or may go through in future (APA n.d). One of the other sport psychology applications is the experiential learning programs, which rely on the principle of, learn by doing. Direct involvement in the experience makes a person learn through it. Kolb developed a model, which explained that how learning occurs in individuals when they are directly involved in an experience. This model is based on the step of Do, Review, Learn and Apply. This model is very effective in the team development and providing a psychological rationale for learning. Four stages based on psychological concepts form the basis of this model. This model is depicted in the figure 2(Boyle 2002): Figure 2: Experiential Learning Model. Source: Boyle 2002. Sport injury management is another type of approach and techniques, which is a fruit of the field of sport psychology. sport injury management have planned designs and techniques, which makes sports management in educational institutions able to deal with any kind of sport circumstances with students. Sport injury management have planned their sport psychology approach in such a way that it makes teachers, peers and parents of students also get involved in the physical and psychological recovery of patient students. Figure 3 shows the breadth of sport injury management, where all the people become the part of care scenario (Comfort Abrahamson 2010): Figure 3: Sport Injury Management. Source: Comfort Abrahamson 2010. Barriers in Application and Delivery Referring trainings and knowledge with the labels of kinesiology, psychology or ESS is one of the biggest barriers in the discussion that is needed for the advancement of the field of psychology. The debate between kinesiology and psychology hinders the knowledge and trainings in psychology of performance, ethics, consulting, etc (APA n.d). Injuries, weather, change in family or working patterns that makes trainings less convenient are some of the major barriers in the field of sport psychology (Jarvis 2006). According to Karageorghis and Terry (2011), four barriers that stood between every sportsman’s performances is his view of strength, size, his negative view of snap and his recent interpretation to take the snap. Parents, peers and some other members of the society often becomes a barrier in psychological process when they are playing a negative role in the overall treatment (Melchert 2011). Furthermore, sport psychology is a field that has derived from the umbrella field of psychology. It can only work effectively if psychology is being discussed and practiced with regard to other fields as well. For example, ecological psychology also plays a significant role in the development of psychological answers (Renshaw, Davids, Shuttleworth Chow 2009). Lack of knowledge becomes a significant barrier in the development of sport psychology. One of the other barriers in sport psychology is the collection of data (Somekh Lewin 2011). Mostly, students do not participate in data collection activities. Best sport psychology data can only be collected if student athletes become a part of the sort psychology data collection (Somekh Lewin 2011). Similarly, one of the biggest barriers of sportsmen, especially young sportsmen is to adopt sport psychology methods and techniques individually (Sturmey 2007). Often young athletes are not completely able to understand any particular sport psychology approach or application. Most of the times, individuals have to try their technique on their own. Ultimately, this creates a problem for young athletes and they are unable to accomplish the desired results. Critical Evaluation of Theories and Models of Cognition and Condition Relevant to Sports Environment and Applications Hemmings and Holder conducted an experiment on Shane, an athlete. They told him recall different inspirational and meaningful quotes or statements. As a reaction, Shane found all these statements cognitively stimulating for both competition and practice situations. However, he did not agree with all the statements himself. All these inspirational statements have cognitive affirmations, self-instructions and personally symbolic reminders. All these statements facilitated behavioral intensity, emotional and attention control for self-assessment on courts and physical training sessions. This tool played a significant role in increasing the efficacy by doing verbal persuasion; however, it was a kind of self-persuasion in Shane’s case (Hemmings Holder 2009). These phrases were selected in such a way that Shane should be able to refer any one of them to any athletic situation he faces. This Alphabet Motivator acted as a verbal persuasion for Shane. It increased his self-regulation and confidence to increase success on different tasks. Figure 4 represents the words that were selected for Shane’s Alphabet Motivator: Figure 4: Selected Cognitive and Emotive Statements from Shane’s Alphabet Motivator. Source: Hemmings Holder 2009. In addition, there were mental rehearsal exercises, which were conducted on Shane regularly during his on-court practices and physical trainings. Motivational General Mastery Imagery is a sport psychology application, which is used to enhance confidence in athletes (Hemmings Holder 2009). This application focused on Shane’s strengths and all the tactical, technical, physical and psychological responses, which are required by Shane is any of his athletic sessions. Shane was asked to visualize scenarios, where he would feel a need to remember motivational statements that can make him successful in the session ahead. Control-related and confidence-related images are given to Shane to select them for physical, technical and psychological aspects of the game. In this application, Shane was also asked to select role model figures of sports and imagine himself in the body of these role models at the time he feels any difficulty during his sports sessions (Hemmings Holder 2009). Historical Development of Models and their Adaptation according to the Aims and Objectives of Applications Psychological consultants had taken the challenge of studying athlete’s ego-oriented, self-defeated beliefs to support them in the athletic sessions and work-outs. Throughout psychological assessment, high level of articulation and encouraged reflection of a good degree of personal capacity and awareness was demonstrated on athlete’s behalf. High level of commitment demonstration developed the psychological approach, which a sportsperson can appropriately take under his current performance-related belief structure. This also enabled the development of coaching and mentoring as a part of nurturing individuals abilities of behavior and performance (Deans Oakley 2006). This psychological application was based on the variety of psychological references (Ryba 2005). This variety of references does not suggest that the entire sport psychologist should be confused within the information they give but rather it can be used to broaden the vision of sport psychology (Ryba 2005). All the factors associated with sport psychology emerged immediately after the emergence of mental counseling. Psychologists realize that factors, such as, motivation, emotions, energy level, self-esteem, confidence, patriotism, etc play an integral role in the development of a certain personality. Although a person may be playing in a team, every team player has his individual personality. If all these factors play a significant role in personality making, then they also play a role in effecting sport performance of an individual.

The Role of an Angry God in Nathaniel Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter :: Scarlet Letter Essays

The Role of an Angry God in Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter The Scarlet Letter was a novel that was written in the early 1850s by a renowned author, Nathaniel Hawthorne in 1850. Some people say that Hawthorne intended the book to portray God as a benevolent, forgiving, and loving god. Others, such as myself, believe that he had a different idea of who God was; The Scarlet Letter was written in a way that would portray God as an angry, vengeful, being that was slow to forgive. God put seven years of suffering upon Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale, for a sin whom he committed with Hester Prynne. When he finally confessed and his life looked like it was about to get better, God abruptly ended his time on the earth. Hester Prynne was almost shunned by everyone, even the sunshine. Her daughter, Pearl, was constantly saying things to Hester that would cause her pain. Another man, whose life was damaged by the sin, was Dr. Roger Chillingworth. He was not part of the sin, but still suffered from it. His incredible knowledge of healing, a value to the entir e town, was ruined by the quest for revenge upon Reverend Dimmesdale. All four of these lives were ruined, all because of one small sin committed by two people. A merciful, forgiving, benevolent god would never let that happen. Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale was a young minister, who was greatly loved by the Puritan community. Some said that he would someday benefit the New England Church as much as the apostles had helped the early Christian faith. Unfortunately, that is not what happened. Instead, Reverend Dimmesdale was constantly depressed and physically deteriorating. In a chat with Hester in the forest, Hester asked him if he had found peace, and he responded, "None! -nothing but despair! What else could I look for being what I am, and leading a life such as mine? Were I an atheist... I might have found peace... But, as matters stand with my soul... all of God's gifts that were the choicest have become torment. Hester, I am miserable!" (182). Later in their conversation, Hester said, accurately, to Dimmesdale, "Thou art crushed under this seven years' weight of misery" (188). For seven years, Arthur Dimmesdale's life was filled with nothing but pain and suffering. Would a kind and merciful god put a minis ter that devoted his life to God through the kind of torment that Reverend Dimmesdale was given?

Globalization and developing countries

Globalization is supposed to be good for all, either developing states or developed states. However, there is ever a few semisynthetic side effects that non merely Malaysia can non avoid, but besides every other states that invite globalisation into their fatherland. Globalization has its ain defect, the 1 that affects many states and 1000000s of people all over the universe, economically and financially. The anti-globalizers may see this as a manner to halt globalisation from distributing its wings to other portion of the universe by connoting that globalisation promotes nil but poorness and inequality. On the other manus, pro-globalizers think that it really helps the hapless and disagreed with the â€Å"globalization is doing the rich richer and the hapless poorer† statement that the anti-globalizers came up with. Malaysia went through a batch of advancement since the epoch of globalisation. We ‘ve improved so much from the economic, politic, societal and cultural point of position. It is said that globalisation is a menace to our local civilization and that it will one twenty-four hours be trample by the planetary ‘consumer ‘ civilization introduced by the progress engineering. But there is no 100 per centum truth in it as civilization lives in the bosom and upbringing of people, non in the engineering. Equally long as people hold on tightly to their belief and the sense of integrity in each races and in between races are strong, nil could perchance bust up people ‘s sense of community and societal solidarity, non even globalisation. Sadly, in order to derive what we have now, our ecosystem has been badly damaged due to over development of delicate natural resources such as wood and piscaries. Although the Malaysia authorities has enforced several Torahs to protect our cherished hoarded wealth, but the greed of human existences to remain in front and to go financially powerful has blinded their sight to see what they are making towards our ecosystem. This proved that globalisation comes with a really expensive monetary value to pay. The chief job of globalisation that cause people to believe of it as a ‘beast ‘ alternatively of ‘beauty ‘ is the unstable planetary fiscal system which affected hapless states the most, go forthing them burdened with unsustainable debt. As we know, globalisation raises everyone ‘s criterion of life. Life to those with low rewards will go less low-cost and much more suffering. Government must endeavor for efficiency and seek to happen a remedy to this planetary ‘disease ‘ that the undeveloped state has been enduring for ages. Globalization should be the unstoppable force for development, supplying people with a comfy, modern yet healthy life, non the other manner around. In Malaysia, globalisation can be clearly seen in the urban country such as Kuala Lumpur. The cost of life in Kuala Lumpur is so high that people have to work excess hard in order to maintain up with the violently fast gait and at that place used to be people who lived in a h omesteader houses. Then, it was demolished by the authorities, and the homesteader occupants were provided with a low cost lodging. This shows that globalisation works both manner and the authorities is responsible for keeping the security and economic public assistance of their citizens. Globalization should non be position as a menace or ‘hidden enemy ‘ but it should be see as a ladder to mount up to the top of a more sophisticated political alterations, more stable economic position and more advanced engineering that will better our societal and civilization. Although it causes widespread of wretchedness, upset and unrest, but it besides provides people with a new markets and wealth. Therefore, globalisation can be said act as a accelerator to development and find in one successful state. The most of import is that states be given the right and infinite to reexamine the impact of globalisation and make up one's mind for themselves which facets are good for future usage and which facets should be ignore. Bettering our apprehension of globalisation will assist us to come up with an elixir that aimed at both alleviation and the causes of it. There are many policies that can profit all people, either developing or developed states, therefore, supplying glob alisation with the popular legitimacy that it presently lacks. Globalization is non inalterable as it is comprises of a policies and a set of constructs created by human existences and therefore it can be modified, re conceptualized and altered to suits the demand of our state. We can believe of globalisation as medium of conveyance, a boat that has many riders on board, which represents different states. Everyone has the same end which is to make the port, but due to several ineluctable jobs, non all riders managed to make the port. Every state sit the globalisation ‘s moving ridges, but non all succeeded in going the universe leader as each state has a different gait to catch the globalisation ‘s current. Changes of globalisation from several sectors are bind together in really complex mode, doing it instead hard to sum up all the positives and negatives effects. Overall, globalisation has done a enormous occupation in Malaysia, doing us one of the successful universe leaders. Globalization has tremendous potency and every bit long as it is decently managed, it will impact all parties involved.

Home Style Cookies, Lew Mark Baking Company

Home Style Cookies, Lew Mark Baking Company Free Online Research Papers In this case study, the focus revolves around the Lew Mark Baking Company. The Lew-Mark Baking Company according to the case study is from a small town in western New York. Lew-mark Baking company operates in New York and New Jersey. It employs around 200 workers in a mainly blue collar, informal atmosphere. In my paper, I will answer several questions about operations for this company The Cookie Production Process When describing the cookie production process for Lew-mark baking, it is best described as using the batch processing system. The batch processing system can best be described as the execution of a series of programs (jobs) on a computer without human interaction. â€Å"Batch Processing is used when a moderate value of goods or services is desired, and it can handle a moderate variety of products and services† (Stevenson 2009, P 239). This method helps with quantity management because Lew mark only makes cookies according to demand. What are two ways that the company has increased productivity? Why did increasing the length of the ovens result in a faster output? One obvious way the company is increasing productivity is that it only makes cookies according to the demand. What ever order it receives from its distributor is what is made in the factory. This ensures that productivity is centered on the demand and time is not wasted baking products that might or might not sell. This is return, makes productivity quicker and more efficient. As mentioned above, the Batch processing system is a huge contributor to increasing productivity. Having two ovens also helps in speeding up productivity. Lengthen the ovens by 25 feet, increased the rate of production by allowing more cookies to be baked at the same time. Automating the Packing Although automating the packing of the cookies in normally a quicker and more efficient way of doing business, it is my opinion the Lew-mark baking Company is doing the right thing by employing local workers to do this job. It is vitally important to create good relationship within the community. This allows a company to have a stake in the community and thus foster good relationships with the local government, political officials and members of the community. Fostering these types of relationships can also be beneficial when it comes to future plans or expansions. Plus, the company has an obligation to the workers once they are employed with the company. As longs as profits and the bottom line are healthy, it should keep its commitment to the community. This would hold true in a small or large community. It is the obligation of industry to keep workforce engagement in tact. As long as industry is alive, some sort of human engagement is needed. What factors cause Lew-mark to carry minimal amounts of certain inventories? What benefits results from this policy? Obviously, the shelf life of perishables (cookies) keeps companies like Lew-Mark from storing big quantities of cookies in the warehouse. The longer these cookies stay in the warehouse, the lower the possibility of being sold. In reading the text, Stevenson’s goes into great detail about the Single Period Model of Inventory Management. This Model is used for ordering perishables and other items with limited useful life. It is interesting how Lew mark keeps a smaller inventory of labels. Their rationale is that the FDA label requirements change frequently and they do not wan to get stuck with labels they cannot use. Most of their inventory is ordered in small silos two or three times a week to save on ordering cost. This type of inventory control favors smaller businesses as long as they can forecast their production with accuracy. This allows Lew-mark to only buy what they use and use what they buy. If production decreases, they buy less. If production increases, they buy more. In the case of Lew-Mark Baking Company, this type of inventory control makes sense. Quality There are advantageous and disadvantages in using a non additive and non preservative approach to selling products. The advantage is that you can target a more health conscious audience to your product. With all the health disparities facing the country, you can carve out a specific audience for these types of products. On the flip side, you have to race against the clock because these non additives and non preservative shorten the life of these perishable items. In other words, your selling approach needs to be more progressive in its nature Conclusion In conclusion, the Lew-Mark Baking Company has an excellent product available to its consumers. Its pitch to sell non additive non preservative cookies targets and audience that is looking for this type of product. Because of its size, Lew-mark capitalizes in efficiency by using very tight inventory controls and production processes that keeps the company financially conscious and fiscally responsible. Its sensitivity to the community also brings morale responsibility that is noted by many members of the community and abroad. The Companies Strategy is to create a product that is desirable to the consumer and delivering that product in a way that makes the best business sense to its owners. As a consumer, I prefer quality in the form of a soft cookie. Understanding that the cookie has non and non preservatives is a plus. Research Papers on Home Style Cookies, Lew Mark Baking CompanyTwilight of the UAWRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceDefinition of Export QuotasOpen Architechture a white paperThe Project Managment Office System

Free Essays on Traits Of A Modern World

Modern ideas are first formed from a simple hypothesis, with little evidence and much hope of truth lying beneath. These ideas become more greatly researched, and develop and change over time, due to more evidence. The modern societies today are such as this, with greatly updated advancement, but true to their original roots, of ancient times, when the beliefs and ideas were only theories, not facts to be found true. According to A History of the Modern World, there is â€Å"in our time a kind of uniform modern civilization which overlies or penetrates the traditional cultures of the world.† Some of these traits are pressures for an increased democracy, countries affecting each other’s growth, and Europe holding the key to the traditional times, which date back to ancient times. One example of using ancient times as a basis for modern civilization is the pressures for an increased democracy. In order for a country to improve its social and ethical conditions, changes must be made in the political powers to help its affected state grow. â€Å"†¦and all modern governments, democratic or not, must seek to arouse the energies and support of their populations† (Palmer 10). Also, with acquired knowledge, the current morals and beliefs of the community may change, and the democracy of the community must adjust to these changes. â€Å"In modern society old customs loosen, and ancestral religions are questioned. There is a demand for individual liberation, and an expectation for higher living† (Palmer 10). People yearn for equality, in every ethical aspect, and need a strong democratic system to support this. The fast changing social desires become social movements, and since the beginning of civilization, the ideas taken from the old world are brought to improve the new world. Another way the traditions of the old world affect the new world are the way modern countries affect each other. In order for the countries of our planet to... Free Essays on Traits Of A Modern World Free Essays on Traits Of A Modern World Modern ideas are first formed from a simple hypothesis, with little evidence and much hope of truth lying beneath. These ideas become more greatly researched, and develop and change over time, due to more evidence. The modern societies today are such as this, with greatly updated advancement, but true to their original roots, of ancient times, when the beliefs and ideas were only theories, not facts to be found true. According to A History of the Modern World, there is â€Å"in our time a kind of uniform modern civilization which overlies or penetrates the traditional cultures of the world.† Some of these traits are pressures for an increased democracy, countries affecting each other’s growth, and Europe holding the key to the traditional times, which date back to ancient times. One example of using ancient times as a basis for modern civilization is the pressures for an increased democracy. In order for a country to improve its social and ethical conditions, changes must be made in the political powers to help its affected state grow. â€Å"†¦and all modern governments, democratic or not, must seek to arouse the energies and support of their populations† (Palmer 10). Also, with acquired knowledge, the current morals and beliefs of the community may change, and the democracy of the community must adjust to these changes. â€Å"In modern society old customs loosen, and ancestral religions are questioned. There is a demand for individual liberation, and an expectation for higher living† (Palmer 10). People yearn for equality, in every ethical aspect, and need a strong democratic system to support this. The fast changing social desires become social movements, and since the beginning of civilization, the ideas taken from the old world are brought to improve the new world. Another way the traditions of the old world affect the new world are the way modern countries affect each other. In order for the countries of our planet to...

Electronic Commerce Response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Electronic Commerce Response - Essay Example "President Bush has made the security of every American one of his highest priorities and this certainly includes cyber security" (Israel, 2002). The US legal system adopts regulations for e-trade agreements and e-signs. For instance, a decade ago, it has been impossible to file a suit without hard copies of the documents and supportive evidence, but today e-documents and agreements become more common in courts than hard copies. "The US government promotes policies to ensure that businesses and consumers can enter into legal agreements online that will be recognized by the courts if something goes wrong" (Israel, 2002). New forms of taxation and physical characteristics of products have been adopted to protect traditional and e-commerce. E-commerce makes it possible to take global legal regulations to another level providing international law based on protection and fair business relations. The main areas which have been developed include: authenticity, protecting the privacy of consumers, security of e-commerce participants, and universal access.

Body language Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Body language - Movie Review Example Body language forms a vital part of the everyday social life of humans today. It highly affects the interaction and conversation with the other people and thus, can be used as a powerful weapon for controlling one’s feelings and emotions (Body language expert, â€Å"How Body Language Influences Daily Life†). Body language is a powerful aspect in regards to the self-confidence and self-esteem of the individual. Body language is also explained as an external reflection of one’s emotional condition (Furnham 3-6). For instance, a person may be saying something and keep some of the things hidden while interacting verbally. Thus, in such a situation a person who can read the body language can understand the feelings and emotions of the speaking person (Pease and Pease 11-12). THESIS STATEMENT This essay intends to focus on the influence of body language in the daily life of people. A video on the topic of body language has been summarized in this essay to analyze the v arious forms of body languages and conclude in response to the mentioned objective. DISCUSSION Analysis of the video The video concentrates on the topic of body language used by the people as a non-verbal communication system. ... The body exhibits different signals just as a radio transmits the signals. The video has explained six main categories of body language as elaborated by the body language experts such as kinesics, eye contact, haptics, paralanguage, chronemics and proxemics (Montgomery County Public Schools, â€Å"Body language†). Summarizing and critiquing the video Arguably, the video advocates that communication of messages through body language, either in the form of kinesics, eye contact, haptics, paralanguage, chronemics or proxemics or many of these altogether, is said to have a long-lasting effect in comparison with the verbal messages. At times, we deliver greater importance to the posture, gesture or to the tone of voice, when a person is communicating his/her intended messages verbally, even if those are entirely contradictory to his/her verbal message. For instance, in an interview, the interviewers often focus on reading and interpreting the eye-contact behavior of the candidate t o learn the truth in his/her conveyed verbal messages (Smith â€Å"Interview body language mistakes that can cost you the job†). Psychologists also pay due attention towards reading the posture of the patient as high in confidence or low in self-esteem. Mysteriously, even without knowing the basics or the technicalities of body language, common people also tend to pay greater attention in interpreting non-verbal messages rather than paying attention to only verbal communication (Meeren, Heijnsbergen and Gelder, 16518-16519). Illustratively, a girl tugging or playing with her hair can be interpreted as flirting; while in the same context, one tilting his head too often when listening to others is commonly asserted as their submission to the message being conveyed (Laneri â€Å"Body

Employment LAw Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Employment LAw - Case Study Example Additionally, there is direct discrimination. The UK company law requires that all employees should undergo rigorous training before undertaking any sought of job. Louise ignores this fact and fails to equip Paul with relevant skills pertaining to his cashier job. In fact, she does not even intend to make arrangements of training the newly employed worker. According to Delaney and Huselid (2010, p. 956), any inconvenience in service delivery is attributed to the lack of training. In this regard, the bank manager takes advantage of his lack of experience and directly mistreats him before the bank clients. The harassment of Paul is humiliating given that the boss victimized him while the bank clients were watching. The Employment Act, 1996, classifies any abuse and disparaging remarks as harassment. The UK equality Act 2010 stipulates that every citizen has a right to fair and non-discriminative treatment (Hofstede, 2008, p. 67). The Act covers discrimination based on sex, disability a nd belief. This situation notwithstanding, the common law includes discriminatory treatment of employees, in the prohibition. The UK legislation also allows all workers to be members of trade unions. The unions serve as a shield for the workers. Besides the common law legislation, the trade union protects the welfare of all employees who have subscribed into trade union membership (Schuler, Randal and Susan, 2008, p. 34). The move of Paul was inappropriate because leaving the job was not a solution to his problem. He should seek the indulgence of the trade union in the matter and invoke the relevant legislation to his favor. There are many options open to Paul. He can seek constructive dismissal from the job, which will call for a comprehensive compensation of service delivery. Paul also has the option of being reemployed by the assistance of the employment tribunal. The UK transfer of the Undertaking Regulation Act

Social Media Essay Example for Free

Social Media Essay Social Media Discuss the four components of a legally astute social media marketing manager who utilizes social media outlets for consumer transactions and how each component can mitigate the risk involved in doing business in cyberspace. The four characteristics of a legally astute manager are: an acceptance of how important the law is to the success of the organization, a proactive attitude toward legal issues and regulations, the ability to use informed judgment when faced with decisions involving legal implications, and having the knowledge of specific laws, regulations, tools and resources. Social media marketing manager should be well educated about these four components. Today, more and more companies are using the social media for marketing purposes. Moreover, you might fall far behind, if you don’t. So, it’s important to be well informed about legal aspects of social media, since it’s a new way for building relationships with the customers. List and analyze methods of alternative dispute resolution and determine which would be most effective in resolving genuine disputes that arise with consumers who may make purchases from businesses that provide links via social media. Cortes, P. (n/d) talks about online dispute resolutions: ODR in the consumer context refers to the use of ICT tools and methods (usually alternative to the court system) employed by businesses and consumers (B2C) to settle conflicts that arise out of economic transactions between the parties, particularly in e-commerce. It is often distinguished from other fields where ODR is used, such as in the commercial field (B2B), in the public sphere to resolve government and citizen (G2C) disputes, and in the  resolution of disputes related to intellectual property. A consumer transaction (B2C), akin to a consumer dispute, will be one where an individual, acting on a personal capacity, buys goods or services for his or her personal use. Conversely, a business is an individual or an entity that acts on a professional capacity selling goods or services as part of their profession. In a B2C dispute, the aggrieved party is frequently the consumer as they normally pay in advance for their purchased goods and services. Consequently, the consumer is the weaker party in a dispute where the business has the payment and the experience of dealing with similar disputes. Consumers will often get more involved in the dispute, taking it more personal, and thus requiring a more transformative solution, while the business is mostly interested in resolving the dispute as fast and inexpensively as possible. In certain cases, businesses will be keen in resolving the dispute in order to maintain their reputation. This is relevant when, as it happens in eBay, the buyer leaves feedback after a transaction. When ODR is effectively used in this way, it has an added value for the parties; it increases the consumers’ trust in those online sellers that provide ODR services. Greater trust means that reliable sellers would boost their trade and consumers will be protected from the potential abuse by the dominant party in the transaction. ODR services may be employed to ensure that consumers’ rights are respected by the online vendor, hence enhancing consumers’ confidence in the online transaction.1 As a result, ODR would ultimately enhance the business’s ability to sell while at the same time protecting the consumer’s ability to participate safely in e-commerce. E-commerce is thought to be one of the areas where ODR will flourish as it seems logical for parties that enter into disputes online to use the same medium, the Internet, to resolve their disputes. The resolution of small value disputes that inevitably arise out of millions of transactions taking place every day between parties located far from each other require the use of cost-efficient methods of dispute resolution. Examples of ODR providers that resolve high volume of consumer disputes are eBay and PayPal, which act as third neutral parties encouraging first business and consumers to reach amicable agreements through automated negotiation, and when parties cannot reach consensual agreements, they adjudicate the disputes. Since consumer transactions on social media can occur across state lines, determine how the  federal government can bet control these transactions. Selis; Ramasastry; Kim; Smith (n/d) have noted that the Web have provided tremendous opportunities for both businesses and customers. Businesses can reach lots of customers across the globe in much easier and faster ways. Customers can complete their transactions a lot faster too. They can also find anything they want. However, online transactions also create possibilities for online crime too. Below are some laws that were created by the government for online transaction regulations: The United States does not have a comprehensive privacy statute that governs the collection and use of personally identifiable information, either online or through traditional business practices. There are, however, a number of sector-specific laws that govern the collection and use of data. 1. COPPA Currently, no federal statutes require the placement of privacy policies on Internet web sites other than the Children’s Privacy Protection Act of 1998 (COPPA). COPPA is applicable only to web sites collecting information from children who are younger than 13 years old.53 The law became effective on April 1, 2000. The Act requires Internet operators, including ISPs and web site operators, to: (1) Provide parents with conspicuous notice of what information is collected, how the information will be used, and the websiteÕs disclosure practices; (2) Obtain prior, verifiable parental consent for the collection, use and disclosure of personal information from children (there are limited exceptions); (3) Provide parents the opportunity to view and prevent the further use of personal information that has been collected on the website; (4) Limit collection of personal information for a childÕs online participation in a game, prize offer, or other activity to information that is reasonably necessary for that activity; and (5) Establish and maintain reasonable procedures to protect the confidentiality, security, and integrity of the personal information that is collected. 2. Gramm-Leach-Bliley Financial Modernization Act (GLBA) The GLBA was signed into law on November 12, 1999 by President Clinton. Title V of the GLBA governs the collection, use, and dissemination of non-public consumer financial information by financial institutions. Gramm-Leach-Bliley requires financial institutions to: (1) Provide clear and conspicuous notice to consumers of their privacy policy upon establishing the customer relationship and at least annually thereafter; (2) Give consumers the opportunity to Ã’opt outÓ of having their non-public personal information disclosed to nonaffiliated third parties; and (3) Provide a reasonable method for consumers to Ã’opt outÓ of such disclosures to nonaffiliated third parties. 3. Other Statutes, Regulations, and Directives Containing Provisions Protecting Privacy of Consumer Information Include: a. Cable Communications Policy Act of 1984 (47 USC  ¤521 et seq.,  ¤611) This Act addresses concerns about the ability of interactive cable systems to track cable consumer viewing or buying habits. It prohibits the collection of personally identifiable information without the consumer’s prior consent except as needed to render service provided by the operator or to prevent interception. b. Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Ac t of 1994 (47 USC  ¤Ã‚ ¤1001-1- 10;  ¤1021; 18 USC  ¤2522) This Act establishes protection for cordless telephone conversations and establishes a warrant requirement for government access to e-mail addresses. c. Driver Privacy Protection Act of 1994, and as amended in 1999 This law protects state motor vehicle records and restricts their dissemination to only authorized parties and in many instances only for specified purposes. The 1999 amendments tie state compliance to the appropriation of federal transportation funds for states. d. Electronic Communications Privacy Act of 1986 (18 USC  ¤1367,  ¤ 2232,  ¤2510 et seq.,  ¤2701 et seq.,  ¤3117,  ¤3121 et seq.) This Act protects all forms of electronic transmissions, including video, text, audio and data from unauthorized interception.  e. Electronic Fund Transfer Act (15 USC  ¤ 1693) The Act requires financial institutions to include in an initial account disclosure the circumstances under which it will disclose information to third parties. f. Fair Credit Reporting Act (15 USC  ¤1681 et seq.) This Act regulates the disclosure of personal information by consumer credit reporting services. It requires such services to adopt reasonable procedures  to ensure the accuracy of personal information contained in their credit reports. It also provides a process for consumers to review and correct inaccurate information on a credit report. Credit report information can be shared with affiliates when a consumer is told the information may be shared and is given the opportunity to opt out from information sharing with affiliates. The FCRA does not restrict the amount or type of information to be released to third party inquirers when the reporting agency has reason to believe it will be used for credit, employment or insurance evaluations or other Ã’legitimate business needsÓ affecting the individual consumer. It prohibits those who are no credit reporting agencies from disseminating or redistributing credit information. The law does not explicitly address the sharing of transactional, empirical information. This silence has been interpreted by the Office of the Comptroller to mean that the information can be shared freely with third parties. g. Family Education Rights and Privacy Act of 1974 (20 USC  ¤1232g) This Act protects the accuracy and confidentiality of student records. h. Federal Trade Commission Act (15 USC  ¤41 et seq.) This Act, which creates the Federal Trade Commission (Ã’FTCÓ) establishes among other things consumer fair business practices and gives the FTC jurisdiction and authority to address unfair, deceptive or misleading business practices. Examine the three branches of government and discuss which can effectuate the most significant impact on regulating significant impact on regulating consumer transactions via social media outlets. The government has three branches: Executive, Legislative, and Judicial.  · Executive: Ruled by the president. The president transfers out federal laws and endorses new ones, leads national defense and foreign policy, and performs ceremonial duties. Authorities include guiding government, commanding the Armed Forces, dealing with international powers, acting as chief law enforcement officer, and rejecting laws.  · Legislative: Ruled by Congress, which includes the House of Representatives and the Senate. The main task of these two bodies is to make the laws. Its powers include passing laws, creating spending bills (House), impeaching officials (Senate), and approving treaties (Senate).  · Judicial Ruled by the Supreme Court. Its authorities include understanding the Constitution, revising laws, and determining cases involving states rights. Explain the agency relationship that exists on social media sites between the social media provider and businesses that utilize the site for advertising. Almost all organizations are trying to use social media in order to reach potential customers. However, it’s not so easy as it sounds. A company should have a certain strategy in order to promote itself on social media. Manage My Socials (2013) explains the social media agency: The social media agency actually works for building new bonds and making the existing bonds stronger among the company and its customers or followers. Once the company becomes famous and people get to know about its existence and start trusting it, half of the work of marketing department is done. Therefore, a few starting years are very crucial for any organization from marketing point of view. Once the company becomes renowned by the general public it becomes easier to make them follow. The area of a social media management encompasses the social media as well as building the online public relationship between the company and its customers stronger and more trustworthy. In addition with the marketing department, the social media agency collaborates with the search, planning, development and customer services departments to fulfill the need and demands of the customers and earning their trust. This also brings about healthy exchange of information within the complete organization of the company. Marketing and communication within the company and outside the company becomes more effective with the involvement of these social media managers. Thus, the overall productivity and efficiency of the other departments is enhanced and the business also flourishes. The scope of a social media agency has increased many folds these days in the modern business strategies. Some organizations seek the services of these managers for specific duration of time while others hire them permanently. Both approaches are equally beneficial for the business  and you should assess which one of them is more suitable for your business. There are some specialized social media management agencies which provide professional and specialized managers to work on a specific project for a specific duration of time.

Importance of intellectual property rights

Importance of intellectual property rights IMPORTANCE OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS- Intellectual property rights are accepted all over the world due to some important reasons. They were essentially recognized for the acceptations of these rights are:- Provides incentive to the individual for new creations. Providing due recognition to the creators and inventors. Ensuring the material reward for intellectual property. Ensuring the availability of the original products. For economic growth and advancement in technology sector protection of Intellectual property protection is important. They are benefited for the growth of the business in the field of technology. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAW INTRODUCTION INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAW Comprises of the following Laws:- The Laws relating to Trade Marks / Brands (Trade Marks Act, 1999), Property Marks The Laws relating to Copyright (Copyright Act, 1957) Artistic Work, Literary Work, Audio Video Records and Software The Laws relating to Industrial Designs (Designs Act, 2000) The Laws relating to Patents (The Patent Act, 1970) The Laws relating to Geographical Indications. The geographical Indications of (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999 The Laws relating to Internet (Information Technology Act, 2000) INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHT INFRINGEMENT-An intellectual property infringement is the infringement or violation of an intellectual property right. Copyright infringement- Copyright-It is a type of protection which is given to the authors of original works including literary, dramatic, and musical and certain other intellectual works, which may be published and unpublished. Copyright infringement (or copyright violation) is the use of material unauthorised that is covered by copyright law, that violates one of the copyright owners exclusive rights, such as the right to perform the copyrighted work. It is also known as copyright violation. Patent infringement- Patent-It is issued by United States Patent and Trademark Office. A patent is the right to the inventor for an invention. Patent infringement prohibition act with respect to a patented invention without permission from the patent holder. By means of the licence permission may be granted. It is also known as patent violation. Trademark A trademark gives separate identity to the goods and services to make them distinguish from the others. It protects words, names, symbols, sounds. Trademarks can be renewed for forever or as long as they are going to be used. There is no need for registration of a trademark in the U.S. Trademark infringement is a violation of the exclusive rights attaching to a trademark without the authorization of the trademark owner or any licensees. Infringement may occur when one party, the infringer, uses a trademark which is identical to a trademark owned by another party, in relation to products or services which are identical or similar to the products or services which the registration covers. An owner of a trademark may commence legal proceedings against a party which infringes its registration. It is also known as trademark violation. Objectives- To know the reasons infringement of the intellectual property rights. To know why to care about IPR? What the protection measures and provisional measures? Case related to Intellectual Property Right Infringement. Review of literature- Economic Effect of Intellectual Property Right Infringement There is a great effect of Intellectual Property Right Infringement .U.S companies suffer losses in recent years because their Intellectual Property Rights (trademarks, copyrights and patents) are not properly protected abroad. International Trade Commission data is collected from 244 US firms and the data is used to study economic effect of foreign infringement of US intellectual property rights in five sectors of industry. The profit and losses of US suppliers is much as compared to total profits, this implies that the losses are greater than the profits earned by suppliers who are infringing on rights, but that the losses may be least than the benefits to infringers and consumers. From Research it is pointed out that research results suggest that Lessing profits lost to infringers by one percent would require significant increases in identification and enforcement costs. RESEARCH METHODOLGY- TYPES OF DATA USED-Secondary data SOURCES OF SECONDARY DATA- Data is collected from the journals, Newspapers, Internet CAUSES OF INFRINGEMENT OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS INFRINGEMENT Too much cost of Research and development. Globalisation Litigation delays in implementing ip rights and award of damages Software piracy WHY CARE ABOUT IPR- Patents are benefit to the owner of the IP and it add importance to industrial as well as business concerns , discoveries and provide incentives for private sector investment into their development. They all should have separate Research and development center. Globalization and advancement of technology has played an important role in intellectual property protection for small and medium sized enterprises. The intangible nature of intellectual property creates challenges for those businesses, to protect their inventions, brands, and business in foreign markets. Intellectual property protection is necessary to the success of biotechnology companies. For these companies, the patent system serves to encourage them for the development of new medicines and diagnostics for treatment and monitoring diseases, and agricultural products. HOW TO OBTAIN INFORMATION ABOUT INFRINGEMENT OF TRADE MARK / COPYRIGHT The best way to get information about the piracy of trade mark / copyright is companies marketing strategies. The best alternative is engagement of detective agencies on contractual basis, which have their own other network. By surveys in major metropolitan cities of India, the information can be obtained about the infringement / piracy of goods and these surveys will lead to and result in the identification of manufacturing, go downs, distribution network. JUDICIAL SYSTEM IN INDIA The Indian judicial system is independent from executive / government and it is creation of Constitution of India. It is mandatory to obey the orders of the Courts in India by Central State Governments and any non-compliance of the order of the courts are taken as very serious and that may result in the fine and / or imprisonment. In India High Court and Supreme Court judgments has the force of the law. Even in the world the Indian Judicial System is one of the best legal systems which have codified laws and established procedures. REMEDIES AVAILABLE UNDER INDIAN LAWS CIVIL REMEDIES Injunction/ stay against the use of trade Damages can be claimed Accounts and handing over of profits For custody there is appointment of local commissioner/infringing material sealing. Under order 39 rule 1 2 of the CPC the application is filed. CRIMINAL REMEDIES Before the chief judicial magistrate the complaint is filed. Evidence of the infringement of the IPR. Under sec. 93/94 the application is filed. Search of infringing material is done by Police as per orders and directions given by the court. Lodging of fir and search under section. 156 of the criminal procedure code, 1973. JURISDICTION FOR FILING CIVIL / CRIMINAL LITIGATION Civil Cases- The jurisdiction for filing in a civil suit will include given facts and fulfillment of given conditions:- From where the cause of action has occrued? Where the violations of IPRs are taking place? Where the defendants work for gain? Trade Marks Act, 1999, it provides an exception, to registered trade mark and the registered Trade Mark owner can file a case with in court, from where the holder is carrying its business. The jurisdiction for filing a case depends on the activities of the defendants. There is no need to file a suit in different courts separately. PROTECTION AGAINST INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS INFRINGEMENT The infringement of intellectual property rights (IPRs) are by administrative procedures and legal proceedings. In civil liabilities, the infringer may ordered to stop the violated activities, eradicate the damage done, make public apologies and compensate for all the damages. In administrative measures, they include warnings in order to stop the violating activities, fines, and compensation for damages made. The interested parties go for mediation, when there is IPR infringement dispute arises. If mediation failed, or interested parties refused to abide by the outcome of mediation, legal proceedings may be instituted with peoples court. The interested parties may also request the relevant administrative authorities for actions. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS When an IPR infringement dispute arises, the infringed party may institute legal proceedings directly with the peoples court at the place where infringing activity takes place If an interested party finds that due to emergency or by any delay in stop the infringing activities may cause damages to his/her rights, he may, before instituting legal proceedings, request the peoples court to freeze the assets of the infringer. The peoples court will see to it that the infringer, if the infringer is convicted, he will be made to bear civil liabilities for the infringing act. The infringer will be prosecuted for his criminal liabilities where the case is so serious to constitute a crime. ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES (a) Information and Proof to be Submitted When infringement of IPR dispute rises, the interested may request the administrative authorities and above at the place of the infringers domicile In order to make the request to the administration authorities, the interested party should have to submit a written proof of his right and evidence of the infringing act. (b) Processing by Administrative Authorities It is the duty of the administrative authorities to handle the dispute and they have to make decision whether the complaint will be processed within 15 days upon receipt of the request and they have to tell their decision to applicant. If the decision is negative, a written will be given to the applicant and if the decision given by the administration authorities is negative than the applicant will given an explanation in written form within 7 days. (c) Calculation of Compensation On the request of the applicant, the competent administrative may order the infringer to pay for damages? For infringing of copyright, the compensation amount is calculated according to the direct damages caused by the infringement and reasonable fees incurred by the copyright holder in investigating and stopping the infringing act. For infringing of trademark, the compensation amount is calculated on the basis of profits gained by the infringer through the infringement during the infringement period or the damages suffered by the infringed party during the infringement period. For infringing of patent, the amount of compensation is calculated according to the damages suffered by the patentee or the profit which is gained by the infringer through the infringement. Where it is difficult to determine the damages suffered by the patentee. It is also difficult to calculate that how much profit is earned by the infringer, royalty amount of patent may used as per calculation. (d) Dissatisfaction with Administrative Punishment Decisions Instituting administrative proceedings If the interested party is not satisfied with the punishment made by the administrative authorities than within 3 months from the receipt of the notification of decision, and apply to the local government or administrative securities at higher level for reconsideration of the decision. Instituting administrative reconsideration Within 10 days, the authorities should have to decide whether to handle the case or not. If the interested party is satisfied than within 2 months for reconsideration, a decision should be made on that basis. If the interested party is not satisfied with the decision on reconsideration than within the 15 days after the receivable of the notification of the decision, institute administrative proceedings with the peoples court. EFECTIVENESS OF LEGAL ACTION AGAINST INFRINGEMENT PIRACY It is practically very difficult to completely prevent piracy / infringement / violation of intellectual property rights as we know India is a very large country in geographical terms and densely populated country. There are own advantages and limitations of civil and criminal legal actions. Mostly piracy in India takes place in small scale industries, unorganized sector A separate suit has to be filed against each and every company / firm / individual in civil suits, which are filed against infringements, as the infringement by each pirate will amount a new cause of action, separate suits have to be filed against each of them. As compare to criminal remedies the civil remedies are easier. Due to publicity, campaigning the effectiveness of criminal remedies is more as compared to civil remedies. Any criminal action / prosecution is treated as a social stigma in India which leads to condemnation by the society. PROVISIONAL MEASURES The judicial authorities shall have the authority to order promptly and effectively provisional measures: to prevent an infringement of intellectual property rights from occurring, and in order to prevent the entry into the channels of commerce in their jurisdiction of goods, including imported goods immediately after customs clearance To preserve supportive evidence in regard to the IPR infringement. It is the right provided to the judicial the applicant has to give supportive evidences in order to satisfy themselves, and to order the applicant to provide a security or equivalent assurance which is sufficient to protect the defendant and to prevent abuse. The applicant needs to supply other necessary information for the identification of the goods concerned by the authority. If judicial authorities found that there has no infringement or there is no any threat of infringement of an intellectual property right, the judicial authorities has right that upon request of the defendant the applicant should have to provide compensation for any injury, damages to the defendant. REGISTRATION OF IPR IS NECESSARY OR NOT ot necessary in the case of Trade Marks Copyrights Yes, necessary in the case of Patent Industrial Design Geographical Indication REGISTRATION OF IPR CAN BE CANCELLED OR REVOKED? Yes If Fraud If there is Misrepresentation Against the rights of opponent If it is registered by the registrar by error. Registration is prohibit under some law Registration against public policy CASES- PIRACY RACKET UTV software and communications, producers of the film `Whats Your Raashee? has demanded a compensation of Rs 50 crore each from Adlabs Films Limited and UFO movies for piracy and infringement of copyright. It was movie of Ashutosh Gowariker and its masterprint was stolen from Adlabs .UTV send notice to Adlabs as the masterprint of the movie copied by illegal means. And it was sold to persons who done business of piracy. It caused a large damage. Stolen of masterprint was not an easy task, this was possible only by the help of some highly-placed persons which may be the employee of Adlabs. Only a highly authority person can get the prints and can made copies. UFO movies employee Rajesh Chowdhry was arrested in the piracy of the movie `Aage Se Right. This shows that the security system is not good and it does not provide any solid protection. The social service branch arrested two more employees of two private companies their names were Neerav Shah, he was the manager of Reliance big pictures and other one name was Nagda Kalapi , he was the head of overseas distribution of Shemaroo pictures. They both get a benefit of Rs 35,000 to 50,000 per film as per the inquiry done by police. IPR INFRINGEMENT REMEDIES IN USA The Brand owners which are settled outside USA faces IPR infringement within the United States. Most of the Europe brand owner mistook that the remedy to IPR infringement is only civil and criminal remedies are seldom used. Which is not so. US use many a remedies to deal with IPR infringement cases. Victim brand owners faces criminal remedy many a times in United States and this is true that many states deals much better with IPR violation remedy as compare to federal agencies. State prosecution requires much less investigations resources and results come faster as compare to other remedy used. To defend for your brand in US one need to register ones trademark with States Patent and Trademark Office, along with this it needs registration internationally and with USPTO too. Once an infringer is suspected it is given with a cease and desist notice which is another useful criteria. In this notice description should be there duly that verifies that the product was really infringed. As evidence the product that is purchased by the infringer should be produced. There are two main ways of prosecution in US. federal prosecution state prosecution Penalty is sometime higher in federal prosecution and sometime the same for both the prosecutions. During the investigation time it is the practice of infringer that he continues to flood the market with counterfeit merchandise .It costs as loss to the brand. So the prosecution should take less investigation time for the sake of brand owner and most of the time state prosecution takes much less time as compare to federal prosecution. Conclusion The Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) has social, economic, technological and political impacts. Rapid technology, globalisation and fierce competitions leading to protect the innovations from violations by the help of IPR such as patents, trademarks, service marks, industrial design registration, copy rights and trade secrets. But still there is infringement of Intellectual Property Rights. The Government is also taking measures to prevent them. There are laws regarding the prevention of Intellectual Property Rights Infringement. BIBLIOGRAPHY P Dalmia from IP IT Laws DivisionVaish Associates Advocates http://iprinvestigators.com/opinion1.html http://www.osec.doc.gov/ogc/occic/ipr.htm http://www.legalserviceindia.com/articles/ip.htm http://www.hktdc.com/info/mi/a/bgcn/en/1X002MHP/1/Guide-to-Doing-Business-in-China/8-3-Protection-Against-Intellectual-Property-Rights-Infringement.htm http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/city/mumbai/Piracy-racket-Producers-seek-Rs-100-cr-in-damages/articleshow/5048906.cms http://www.xing.com/net/markenrecht/general-343444/ipr-infringement-remedies-in-the-usa-18851544/18851544/